Gender Inequality in Labor Markets: The Role of Motherhood and Segregation

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The his and hers of prosocial behavior: an examination of the social psychology of gender. (2009, background): “Female-dominated occupations, generally perceived as communally demanding (Cejka & Eagly, 1999), have not changed much in sex composition (England, 2005; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009).”
Occupational segregation and gender inequality in job quality: a multi-level approach (2014, background): “Just as important, however, female-dominated occupations are also characterized by lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement (England 2005; Levanon, England and Allison 2009; Padavic and Reskin 2002).”
Marriage and the Motherhood Wage Penalty among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites. (2007, background): “In a recent study, England, Garcia-Beaulieu, and Ross (2004) found that the associations between childbearing and labor market withdrawals are consistent across racial”
Gender-Based Employment and Income Differences in Urban China: Considering the Contributions of Marriage and Parenthood (2008, background): “…2004; Petersen, Saporta and Seidel 2005), other studies find a persistent wage penalty for motherhood (Anderson, Binder and Krause 2003; Avellar and Marriage, Parenthood and Labor Outcomes in China • 1531 Smock 2003; Budig and England 2001; England 2005; Lundberg and Rose 2000; Waldfogel 1997).”