Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis.

By Crystal M. Y. Lee, R. Huxley, R. Wildman, M. Woodward. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2008

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Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk—a review of the literature (2010, methodology): “Finally, despite the often considerable differences in body size and fat distribution between different ethnic groups, there was little evidence to indicate that the magnitude of the associations Table 3 Comparison of the discriminatory power (pooled AUC score) for three cardiovascular risk factors ”
Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (2020, background): “Insulin resistance often occurs when fat accumulates in intra-abdominal depots and is associated with a constellation of CVD risk factors, in what is known as the metabolic syndrome (11).”
Waist‐to‐height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta‐analysis (2012, positive): “(12), we believe that it is definitely time to reconsider other simple screening tools for cardiometabolic risk.”