Posture and the emergence of manual skills

By John P. Spencer, B. Vereijken, F. Diedrich, E. Thelen. 2000

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Microgenetic Analyses of Learning (2007, background): “Basic Phenomena Physical maturation and general experience produce substantial changes in many capabilities, even without any specifically relevant experience with the experimental situation (e.g., Shimojo et al., 1986; Spencer et al, 2000; Thelen & Ulrich, 1991).”
Bridging the representational gap in the dynamic systems approach to development (2003, unknown): “…a clever, but rather brute force way: infants began using the muscles of the upper arm to get the hand moving in the right direction and then co-contracted many arm muscles to keep the hand in the vicinity of the toy (Spencer & Thelen, 2000; for related postural changes, see Spencer et al., 2000).”
Motor Development (2006, background): “Peak frequencies of particular stereotypies coincide with the acquisition of new motor skills (e.g., kicking and rocking appear prior to crawling, waving the arms appears prior to reaching, and swaying appears prior to independent standing; Gesell & Thompson, 1934; McGraw, 1945; Spencer et al., 2000”
Using Microgenetic Designs to Study Change Processes (2008, background): “For example, to investigate the onset of reaching, Thelen and collaborators observed four infants in a standard reaching task and in a play session with their parents weekly, from 3 to 30 weeks of age; that is, before, during, and after the transition to reaching (Spencer et al., 2000; Thelen et al.”