A meta‐analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease

By Miguel A. Hern'an, B. Takkouche, F. Caamaño-Isorna, J. Gestal-Otero. Annals of Neurology, 2002

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MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease (2015, background): “5 for nonuse of caffeine, with 25% of the population having this risk factor.(11,12) In a population of 10,000, 200 will have prodromal PD.”
Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence (2011, background): “and PD is strong and that confounding is unlikely, although reverse causation cannot be completely ruled out [436].”
Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis. (2011, background): “Many studies have also evaluated dietary and habitual factors, and both cigarette smoking and coffee consumption are associated with reduced PD susceptibility (14).”
Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Models (2003, background): “…disease (HD) and other polyglutamine diseases (Sau-smoking and coffee drinking are inversely associated with the risk for development of PD (Hernan et al., 2002), dou et al., 1998; Cummings et al., 1999), suggests that there is no correlation between inclusion formation andreinforcing the…”