Assessing students' systems reasoning in ecology

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Small Groups' Ecological Reasoning While Making an Environmental Management Decision. (2002, background): “Their tendency to focus on local rather than extended effects within an ecological system is typical of students at the elementary (Leach et al., 1996; Bell-Basca & Grotzer, 2000), middle (Hogan, 2000), and high school (Webb and Boltt, 1990), and even undergraduate (Green, 1997; White, 2000) levels.”
Reasoning up and down a Food Chain: Using an Assessment Framework to Investigate Students' Middle Knowledge. (2009, background): “When examining how students think about food chain and food web disturbances, Hogan (2000) found that sixth-grade students generally traced food web and food chain disturbances as having effects only in one direction and did not take into account multiple pathways in food webs even after a 1-month…”