Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome

By T. Kuiken, R. Fouchier, M. Schutten, G. Rimmelzwaan, G. van Amerongen, D. van Riel, J. Laman, Ton de Jong, G. V. van Doornum, W. Lim and 12 more. The Lancet, 2003

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Background The worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is associated with a newly discovered coronavirus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV). We did clinical and experimental studies to assess the role of this virus in the cause of SARS. Methods We tested clinical and postmortem samples from 436 SARS patients in six countries for infection with SARSCoV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory pathogens. We infected four cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with SARS-CoV in an attempt to replicate SARS and did necropsies on day 6 after infection. Findings SARS-CoV infection was diagnosed in 329 (75%) of 436 patients fitting the case definition of SARS; human metapneumovirus was diagnosed in 41 (12%) of 335, and other respiratory pathogens were diagnosed only sporadically. SARS-CoV was, therefore, the most likely causal agent of SARS. The four SARS-CoV-infected macaques excreted SARS-CoV from nose, mouth, and pharynx from 2 days after infection. Three of four macaques developed diffuse alveolar damage, similar to that in SARS patients, and characterised by epithelial necrosis, serosanguineous exudate, formation of hyaline membranes, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, and the presence of syncytia. SARS-CoV was detected in pneumonic areas by virus isolation and RT-PCR, and was localised to alveolar epithelial cells and syncytia by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Interpretation Replication in SARS-CoV-infected macaques of pneumonia similar to that in human beings with SARS, combined with the high prevalence of SARS-CoV infection in SARS patients, fulfill the criteria required to prove that SARS-CoV is the primary cause of SARS. Published online July 22, 2003 http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art6318web.pdf

Subfields: Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c5942d289a09220ce45841ff0cecf977a3d03dda

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Citations in the corpus

A decade after SARS: Strategies to control emerging coronaviruses (2013, background): “Multiple non-human primates (NHPs) are susceptible to SARS-CoV infection, including rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques, marmosets and African green monkeys [82] [83] [84] [85] .”
What’s new in the renin-angiotensin system? (2004, background): “For example, the primary site of SARS-CoV replication is the lungs [35] , which have been shown to express ACE2 [46, 48, 50, 51] .”
Real-Time PCR in Clinical Microbiology: Applications for Routine Laboratory Testing (2006, background): “However, SARS-CoV has been found in sputum, throat swabs, serum, lung, kidney, bone marrow, and feces by real-time PCR targeting sequences in the nucleocapsid and RNA polymerase (ORF1b) genes of the virus (46, 240, 252, 297, 337).”
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Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections. (2020, background): “SARS-CoV-2 is a close relative of SARS-CoV (114), which spread during the winter of 2002–2003 (6, 7).”
Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV (2020, background): “Infection of primates produces a more mild disease than that observed in humans, although fever and pulmonary inflammation were noted [39,40].”
Coronavirus Pathogenesis (2011, methodology): “fascicularis) (Fouchier et al., 2003; Kuiken et al., 2003; Rowe et al., 2004), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) (McAuliffe et al.”
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Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model (2020, background): “Unexpectedly, the world is facing the same situation as the previous outbreak due to a recent epidemic of atypical pneumonia (designated as coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China [5,9].”