Monocytic cells hyperacetylate chromatin protein HMGB1 to redirect it towards secretion

By T. Bonaldi, F. Talamo, Paola Scaffidi, Denise Ferrera, A. Porto, A. Bachi, A. Rubartelli, A. Agresti, M. Bianchi. EMBO Journal, 2003

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Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures (2010, background): “HMGB1 secretion does not follow the canonical endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi pathway and occurs via relocation of the nuclear protein to the cytoplas”
PAMPs and DAMPs: Signal 0s that Spur Autophagy and Immunity (2012, background): “HDACs regulate HMGB1 nuclear versus cytosolic localization within monocytic cells (164).”
HMGB1 is an endogenous immune adjuvant released by necrotic cells (2004, background): “In myeloid cells, HMGB1 is secreted through specific organelles, the secretory lysosomes (Gardella et al, 2002), and is extensively acetylated in order to reach them from the nucleus (Bonaldi et al, 2003).”
High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein at the crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity (2007, background): “HMGB1 secreted by monocytes (that do not die in the process) is heavily acetylated on lysines throughout the length of the protein, creating a potentially huge ensemble of molecular species where acetylation is present or not on specific HMGB1 lysines (29).”