Nonunion Wage Rates and the Threat of Unionization

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The U.S. Gender Pay Gap in the 1990S: Slowing Convergence (2006, unknown): “…be measured by our analysis.2 Using the JMP framework, we begin with a male wage equation: 2 Given the relatively small size of the union sector in the United States, such effects are not likely to be large empirically, and indeed a recent study does not find much evidence of them (Farber 2005).”
The Wage Impact of Trade Unions in the UK Public and Private Sectors (2007, background): “A third union wage effect, which may compress the union wage differential, is the ‘threat’ effect whereby non-union employers raise their wages to avoid the threat of unionization (Rosen, 1969; Freeman and Medoff, 1981; Farber, 2003).”
How Firms Shape Income Inequality: Stakeholder Power, Executive Decision Making, and the Structuring of Employment Relationships (2015, background): “Research also suggests spillover effects in which the threat of unionization encourages non-union firms to adopt similar employment practices (Farber, 2005).”
The Elusive Explanation for the Declining Labor Share (2021, background): “Farber (2005) provides suggestive evidence that nonunionized rms respond to a threat of unionization by preemptively raising their wages; Taschereau-Dumouchel (2020) develops a model of rms response to union threat and shows by calibration that this mechanism can generate a quantitatively signi…”