Chapter 2.4 Defensive behaviors, fear, and anxiety

By D. Blanchard, R. Blanchard. 2008

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Silenced by fear:: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work (2009, methodology): “Such evaluations result in a higher or lower intensity fear response depending on two characteristics of the threat – specifically, what we refer to as threat immediacy and threat severity (Blanchard & Blanchard, 2008; Craske, 2003; Gray & McNaughton, 2000; Muris, 2007).”
Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity (2010, unknown): “…a diffuse cue that signals a temporally unpredictable threat (e.g., a hazardous environment) elicits a longer-lasting anxiety-like state (sustained fear) associated with passive defensive behaviors such as hypervigilance, avoidance, and quiescence (Blanchard and Blanchard, 2008; Grillon, 2008).”