Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity
By Ruben P. Alvarez, Gang Chen, Jerzy Bodurka, Raphael Kaplan, Christian Grillon. NeuroImage, 2010
298 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Aversive events are typically more debilitating when they occur unpredictably than predictably. Studies in humans and animals indicate that predictable and unpredictable aversive events can induce phasic and sustained fear, respectively. Research in rodents suggests that anatomically related but distinct neural circuits may mediate phasic and sustained fear. We explored this issue in humans by examining threat predictability in three virtual reality contexts, one in which electric shocks were predictably signaled by a cue, a second in which shocks occurred unpredictably but never paired with a cue, and a third in which no shocks were delivered. Evidence of threat-induced phasic and sustained fear was presented using fear ratings and skin conductance. Utilizing recent advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we were able to conduct whole-brain fMRI at relatively high spatial resolution and still have enough sensitivity to detect transient and sustained signal changes in the basal forebrain. We found that both predictable and unpredictable threat evoked transient activity in the dorsal amygdala, but that only unpredictable threat produced sustained activity in a forebrain region corresponding to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis complex. Consistent with animal models hypothesizing a role for the cortex in generating sustained fear, sustained signal increases to unpredictable threat were also found in anterior insula and a frontoparietal cortical network associated with hypervigilance. In addition, unpredictable threat led to transient activity in the ventral amygdala–hippocampal area and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, as well as transient activation and subsequent deactivation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, limbic structures that have been implicated in the regulation of emotional behavior and stress responses. In line with basic findings in rodents, these results provide evidence that phasic and sustained fear in humans may manifest similar signs of distress, but appear to be associated with different patterns of neural activity in the human basal forebrain.
Subfields: Behavioral Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/99e0c06ed1cdabb20db71e1b5b5f5ffe3ba61183
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Citations in the corpus
- The Integration of Negative Affect, Pain, and Cognitive Control in the Cingulate Cortex (2011, background): “For example, reducing the predictability of a physical threat amplifies ratings of anxiety and peripheral measures of negative affect, such as fear-potentiated startle and ED”
- Don't fear ‘fear conditioning’: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear (2017, unknown): “1E, , and G) have been developed (Alvarez et al., 2011; Baas et al., 004, 2008; Fonteyne et al., 2009, 2010; Grillon et al., 2006a; onsdorf et al., 2015a, 2014; Marschner et al., 2008).”
- Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis (2013, unknown): “Instead (4a) should be considered in this scenario (Alvarez et al., 2011).”