Empathy, Caring, and Bullying: Toward an Understanding of Complex Associations

By Dorothy Espelage, Sarah E. Mebane, R. S. Adams. 2003

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Unique and Interactive Effects of Empathy and Social Status on Involvement in Bullying (2009, background): “In fact, comparing girls and boys, different strengths and developmental trends have been found in the relations between empathy and social behaviors (Espelage et al., 2004), and between social preference and perceived popularity with overt and relational aggressiveness (Cillessen & Mayeux, 2004; Ei”
Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: a comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. (2005, result): “This finding is in line with those of univariate studies (Espelage et al., 2004; Hanish & Guerra, 2004; Klicpera & Gasteiger Klicpera, 1996; Pellegrini et al., 1999; Schwartz, 2000).”
Linking Callous-Unemotional Traits to Instrumental and Non-Instrumental Forms of Aggression (2009, result): “This finding is in agreement with a previous study which provided evidence that victims are more likely to exhibit caring behaviors and be more concerned for others in comparison to bullies and bully-victims (Espelage et al. 2004).”