Cutting Edge: TGF-β Induces a Regulatory Phenotype in CD4+CD25− T Cells through Foxp3 Induction and Down-Regulation of Smad7

By M. Fantini, C. Becker, G. Monteleone, F. Pallone, Peter R. Galle, Markus F. Neurath. Journal of Immunology, 2004

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Mammalian Krüppel-Like Factors in Health and Diseases (2010, background): “The transcription factor Foxp3 regulates the Treg cell lineage (138), and TGF- converts CD4 CD25 naive T cells into Foxp3 CD4 CD25 Treg cells in vitro and maintains Treg cells in vivo (63, 129, 247).”
TGF-beta: a master of all T cell trades. (2008, positive): “In vitro activation of CD4+CD25− or CD4+Foxp3− T cells in the presence of TGF-β leads to their acquisition of T cell suppressive activity, which is associated with the induction of Foxp3 expression (Chen et al., 2003b; Fantini et al., 2004; Wan and Flavell, 2005; Zheng et al., 2002).”
Foxp3 transcription-factor-dependent and -independent regulation of the regulatory T cell transcriptional signature. (2007, background): “In addition, this growth factor can induce Foxp3 expression and might confer suppressive properties on CD4+ Tconv cells (Chen et al., 2003a; Fantini et al., 2004; Wan and Flavell, 2005).”
Natural and adaptive foxp3+ regulatory T cells: more of the same or a division of labor? (2009, background): “The mechanism by which TGF-b induces transcription of Foxp3 involves cooperation of the transcription factors STAT3 and NFAT at a Foxp3 gene enhancer element (Fantini et al., 2004; Josefowicz and Rudensky, 2009).”