The Effects of Background Music on Primary School Pupils' Task Performance

By S. Hallam, John Price, Georgia Katsarou. 2002

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Exposure to music and cognitive performance: tests of children and adults (2007, background): “The arousal and mood hypothesis (Thompson et al., 2001) proposes that when music listening affects cognitive abilities, such effects can be attributed to changes in listeners’ arousal or mood (see also Hallam et al., 2002).”
The Cognitive and Academic Benefits of Music to Children: Facts and fiction (2006, background): “Hallam et al. (2002) proposed that soothing music might be a useful classroom tool when normally developing children are over-aroused, such as after lunchtime breaks.”
The effect of background music and background noise on the task performance of introverts and extraverts (2007, background): “Hallam et al. (2002) reported the effects of calming music and aggressive music on the task performance of primary school children.”