Principles and clinical implications of the brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis

By S. Rhee, C. Pothoulakis, Emeran A. Mayer. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology, 2009

1,278 citations recorded by the source corpus.

While bidirectional brain–gut interactions are well known mechanisms for the regulation of gut function in both healthy and diseased states, a role of the enteric flora—including both commensal and pathogenic organisms—in these interactions has only been recognized in the past few years. The brain can influence commensal organisms (enteric microbiota) indirectly, via changes in gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and intestinal permeability, or directly, via signaling molecules released into the gut lumen from cells in the lamina propria (enterochromaffin cells, neurons, immune cells). Communication from enteric microbiota to the host can occur via multiple mechanisms, including epithelial-cell, receptor-mediated signaling and, when intestinal permeability is increased, through direct stimulation of host cells in the lamina propria. Enterochromaffin cells are important bidirectional transducers that regulate communication between the gut lumen and the nervous system. Vagal, afferent innervation of enterochromaffin cells provides a direct pathway for enterochromaffin-cell signaling to neuronal circuits, which may have an important role in pain and immune-response modulation, control of background emotions and other homeostatic functions. Disruption of the bidirectional interactions between the enteric microbiota and the nervous system may be involved in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease states, including functional and inflammatory bowel disorders.

Subfields: Gastroenterology, Molecular Biology, Pharmacy

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8d46dbee61595ddb88b690b9979d376a39c691fe

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In Gastroenterology

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4. R. Stilling
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6. C. Stanton
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In Molecular Biology

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7. Yan Wang
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Citations in the corpus

• The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems (2015, background): “These efferent neural pathways, associated to the pain-modulator endogenous pathways, constitute the so-called “emotional motor system” [1].”
• Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders (2015, background): “…suggested a number of possible brain-gut signaling pathways under the influence of the gut microbiota and capable of modulating brain and behavior (Rhee et al., 2009; Grenham et al., 2011; Cryan and Dinan, 2012, 2015; Collins and Bercik, 2013; Dinan and Cryan, 2013;McVeyNeufeld et al., 2013;…”
• Inflammatory Cytokines in Depression: Neurobiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications (2013, background): “…al., 1999, Borish et al., 2001), cannabinoids (Hill and Gorzalka, 2009), altering the intestinal microflora (Ma et al., 2004, Karimi et al., 2009) (Rhee et al., 2009, Bravo et al., 2011), minocycline (Plane et al., 2010) (Molina-Hernandez et al., 2008, Pae et al., 2008) which potentially reduces…”
• The Intestinal Microbiome in Early Life: Health and Disease (2014, background): “This interaction involves the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, as it has been shown to alter hormones relating to neurochemical changes in the brain that can modulate the behavior of the host, including anxiety, cognition, stress, mood, and energy-level (231).”
• The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis? (2016, background): “, 2015), which are known as signalling interfaces between gut microbiota and host (Rhee et al., 2009), at least in part through activation of the vagus nerve via the 5HT3 receptor (Fukumoto et al.”
• The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders (2013, positive): “As accumulating literatures underpin the importance of the gut microbiome to intestinal functions, a novel concept of microbiome–gut– brain axis has been evolved (Rhee et al., 2009).”
• Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome (2017, neutral): “Together, this intricate network exerts effects which alter both GI and brain function (Mayer et al., 2015; Rhee et al., 2009).”
• The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020, background): “Gut-brain communication can also be achieved through vagus nerve signaling (57).”
• Gut microbiota in health and disease. (2010, background): “These observations prompted many to hypothesize on the role of the microbiota in the regulation of mood and behavior, and their contribution to the pathophysiology of mood disorders (47, 74, 211, 246).”