The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?

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Short‐chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress‐induced brain–gut axis alterations (2018, background): “These SCFAs have been shown to affect the host through multiple mechanisms including the regulation of histone acetylation and methylation (Krautkramer et al. 2016; Stilling et al. 2016), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Milligan et al.”
Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration (2017, background): “…products of gut microbial activity and may exert central effects indirectly or directly either through G-protein coupled receptors or in the case of butyrate as an epigenetic modulator acting through histone deacetylases (HDACs) (Galland, 2014; Stilling et al. 2014, 2016; Paul et al. 2015).”
The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020, background): “This intracellular signaling mechanism has been found in both the gut and associated immune tissue (86), as well as in the peripheral nervous system and CNS (20).”