The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems

By M. Carabotti, A. Scirocco, M. Maselli, C. Severi. Annals of gastroenterology : quarterly publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology, 2015

2,654 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions. This interaction between microbiota and GBA appears to be bidirectional, namely through signaling from gut-microbiota to brain and from brain to gut-microbiota by means of neural, endocrine, immune, and humoral links. In this review we summarize the available evidence supporting the existence of these interactions, as well as the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Most of the data have been acquired using technical strategies consisting in germ-free animal models, probiotics, antibiotics, and infection studies. In clinical practice, evidence of microbiota-GBA interactions comes from the association of dysbiosis with central nervous disorders (i.e. autism, anxiety-depressive behaviors) and functional gastrointestinal disorders. In particular, irritable bowel syndrome can be considered an example of the disruption of these complex relationships, and a better understanding of these alterations might provide new targeted therapies.

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Citations in the corpus

Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease (2019, background): “Gut-brain communication is disrupted in the cases of IBS and microbial dysbiosis [58], in the former leading to changes in intestinal motility and secretion and causing visceral hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia) [59].”
Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health (2019, background): “, biogenic amines acting as neurotransmitters) [182], gut-liver (e.”
Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018, background): “, via the prevertebral ganglia), endocrine, immune, and humoral links as well as the influence of gut microbiota in order to regulate gastrointestinal homeostasis and to connect emotional and cognitive areas of the brain with gut functions (1).”
Metabolomics for Investigating Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes. (2019, background): “In addition to these “classic” neurotransmitters, evidence has been gathered showing that gut-derived SCFAs also have neurotransmitter or neurohormonal functions (67).”
Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders (2021, background): “, enteric nerves, vagus nerve) to quickly transmit signals to the brain [13,14].”
Microbiota Dysbiosis Controls the Neuroinflammatory Response after Stroke (2016, background): “Our analyses also revealed that the surgical procedure itself (i.e., sham surgery) also induced apparent changes in microbiota composition, thus highlighting the sensitivity of microbiota composition to stress responses (Carabotti et al., 2015).”
The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome (2016, background): “Mounting evidence suggests that the communication between the brain and gut microbial populations is bi-directional (Bailey et al., 2011; Carabotti et al., 2015; Moussaoui et al., 2014; Park et al., 2013).”
Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome (2017, unknown): “, 2014), and experimental alteration of gut microbiota influences stress responsiveness, anxiety-like behaviour, and the set point for activation of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis (Carabotti et al., 2015; Golubeva et al., 2015; De Palma et al., 2015; Moussaoui et”
The Human Gut Microbiome: From Association to Modulation. (2018, unknown): “Similarly, there is increasing evidence for a reciprocal brain-gut-microbiota axis 225 (reviewed e.g. by, Carabotti et al., 2015).”