Reciprocal Interactions of the Intestinal Microbiota and Immune System

By Craig L. Maynard, C. Elson, R. D. Hatton, C. Weaver. Nature, 2012

1,489 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates set the stage for evolution of an advanced symbiotic relationship with the intestinal microbiota. The defining features of specificity and memory that characterize adaptive immunity have afforded vertebrates the mechanisms for efficiently tailoring immune responses to diverse types of microbes, whether to promote mutualism or host defence. These same attributes can put the host at risk of immune-mediated diseases that are increasingly linked to the intestinal microbiota. Understanding how the adaptive immune system copes with the remarkable number and diversity of microbes that colonize the digestive tract, and how the system integrates with more primitive innate immune mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis, holds considerable promise for new approaches to modulate immune networks to treat and prevent disease.

Subfields: Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8874242f37c9ab6badc1929a25e0ae85b04b0e9f

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In Gastroenterology

1. Julian R. Marchesi
2. C. Stanton
3. S. Mazmanian

In Infectious Diseases

1. Scott F. Gilbert
2. Lan Lin
3. Jianqiong Zhang
4. Y. Taur
5. M. Collado
6. Eric G. Pamer
7. J. Rawls
8. C. Stanton

In Molecular Biology

1. W. D. de Vos
2. C. Belzer
3. G. Lee
4. Eric G. Pamer
5. Scott F. Gilbert
6. N. Juge
7. D. van Sinderen
8. Lan Lin

Citations in the corpus

• Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, and Therapy of Leaky Gut (2015, background): “[9] “permeability” is defined as a functional feature of this barrier that on one hand allows the coexistence with bacterial symbionts necessary for our organism and on the other hand prevents luminal penetration of macromolecules and pathogens [10, 11].”
• Commensal bacteria protect against food allergen sensitization (2014, background): “Mucosal IgA and regulatory T-cell (Treg) responses induced by commensal bacteria are critical for sustaining the homeostatic host– microbe relationship and preventing intestinal inflammation (10).”
• Intestinal permeability – a new target for disease prevention and therapy (2014, background): “of the mammalian intestinal mucosa fulfill two seemingly opposing functions: firstly to allow a peaceful co-existence with intestinal symbionts without eliciting chronic inflammation and secondly to provide a measured inflammatory and defensive response according to the threat from pathogens [2,3].”
• The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota (2017, background): “” IgAs obtained from breast milk promote a regulatory and more “tolerogenic” immune system (105).”
• Akkermansia Muciniphila Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in Apoe −/− Mice (2016, background): “2434 The gut microbiota, a complex community of >100 trillion microbes, plays an important physiological role in modulating host nutrition, metabolism, and immunity.(1,2)”
• The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity (2018, background): “The effect of IL-6 is bolstered by other proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-21, IL-23, and TNF-α [3,53,58].”
• Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease (2017, background): “Contrary to this, there is an inner, dense, and compact mucin sublayer immediately adjacent to the epithelial cells, restricting access to the bacteria, and where few, or no, microorganisms are observed [55, 56].”
• Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months (2013, background): “Gut bacteria play a fundamental role in human health by promoting intestinal homeostasis, stimulating development of the immune system, providing protection against pathogens, and contributing to the processing of nutrients and harvesting of energy.(1,2) The disruption of the gut microbiota has been”
• Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents (2020, background): “These studies show that flavonoids can affect microbial populations by changing endotoxin production, converting primary into secondary bile acids [220], sustaining immune homeostasis [221] and participating in bioactive and nutrient absorption and metabolism, thereby regulating short-chain fatty ac”
• Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases (2017, background): “Microbiota, by establishing inter-connected metabolic/ nutritional networks and developing biofilms among their components, are able to confine the resources to potential pathogens that out-compete well-adapted indigenous microbes for ecological niches [124].”
• Mom Knows Best: The Universality of Maternal Microbial Transmission (2013, background): “components by pattern-recognition receptors on intestinal epithelial cells (reviewed in [71,72]).”
• Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis (2019, background): “Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota are involved in the physiology and pathology of cellular organisms, and hence has implications in both health and disease [3].”
• The effects of intestinal tract bacterial diversity on mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (2014, background): “including stimulation of gut immune systemdevelopment, inhibition of potentially pathogenic microbes, and breakdown of otherwise unabsorbable nutrients.(14,15) Prior studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota of patients undergoing allo-HSCT often loses diversity, resulting in domination by a”