Hardships in America: The Real Story of Working Families.

By Heather Boushey, Chauna Brocht, B. Gundersen, J. Bernstein. 2001

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Income is not enough: incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. (2007, background): “With incomes between $18,000 and $31,000 on average for a family of four, this quintile of families can be considered just above the poverty line but still significantly below the self-sufficiency standard (Boushey et al., 2001).”
Material and Financial Hardship and Income-Based Poverty Measures in the USA (2004, background): “Other studies on material hardship in the USA – such as Federman et al. (1996), Bauman (1999), Beverly (2000), and Boushey et al. (2001) – have examined measures of material hardship and noted the lack of association between these measures and income.”
THE MISMATCH BETWEEN INCOME MEASURES AND DIRECT OUTCOME MEASURES OF POVERTY (2002, unknown): “14 See also Bauman (1998), Beverly (2000, 2001), Boushey et al. (2001), Federman et al. (1996), and Mayer and Jencks (1989, 1993).”