Beyond secondary emotions: The infrahumanization of outgroups using human-related and animal-related words

By G. Viki, Laura Winchester, Laura Titshall, Tadios Chisango, Afroditi Pina, Rebecca F. Russell. 2006

153 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7d4873f39cf5affb37778022aa22f091fc0c9ff7

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Citations in the corpus

The uniquely human content of stereotypes (2010, background): “Infrahumanization is not only an attribute-based phenomenon that depends on the inherent human qualities of a certain type of emotions (e.g., Leyens et al., 2001) or traits (e.g., Viki et al., 2006), but depends also on the target to whom traits are mainly attributed.”
Attributing Human Uniqueness and Human Nature to Cultural Groups: Distinct Forms of Subtle Dehumanization (2009, background): “, 2000; Vaes, Paladino, & Leyens, 2002), and human/animal terms (Viki et al., 2006; Zebel, Zimmermann, Viki, & Doosje, 2008).”
A Superhumanization Bias in Whites’ Perceptions of Blacks (2015, methodology): “The seven subhuman words included words adapted from research measuring associations with the concept infrahuman (Viki et al., 2006) and also included words that reflect the subhuman dimension of the vertical hierarchy from Gods/ saints to demons/animals (Brandt & Reyna, 2011; Haidt, 2003; Haidt & A”
Disgust facilitates outgroup dehumanization (2013, methodology): “Other research has examined implicit associations between outgroups and animals (e.g., Capozza, Boccato, Andrighetto, & Falvo, 2009; Goff, Eberhardt, Williams, & Jackson, 2008; Saminaden, Loughnan, & Haslam, 2010; Vaes, Paladino, & Puvia, 2011; Viki et al., 2006).”
Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-Based and Metaphor-Based Dehumanization (2009, background): “For instance, Viki et al. (2006) investigated the perceived likeness of ingroup and outgroup members to animals and found a tendency to consider outgroup members more animal-like than ingroup members.”
Dehumanization and social class: Animality in the stereotypes of “white trash,” “chavs,” and “bogans”. (2014, background): “Some groups appear to be implicitly associated with animals in a more direct fashion (Loughnan & Haslam, 2007; Viki et al., 2006).”
The Uncanny Valley: Existence and Explanations (2015, background): “Stemming from the anthropological concept of ethnocentrism, infrahumanization implies that people tend to perceive out-group members as possessing fewer humanlike properties but more animal-like features than in-group members (Viki et al., 2006).”
Darker Demons of Our Nature: The Need to (Re)Focus Attention on Blatant Forms of Dehumanization (2017, background): “outgroups) with human versus animal or machine-related traits (e.g., Bain, Park, Kwok, and Haslam, 2009; Viki et al., 2006).”
Infra-humanization: The wall of group differences (2007, background): “Not only are some groups less human than others, but they may also be more animal (Viki et al., 2006; Viki, Zimmerman, & Ballantyne, 2007).”
The Power of a LabeL: MenTaL ILLness DIagnoses, ascrIbeD huManITy, anD socIaL rejecTIon (2011, methodology): “To assess (a) animality and (b) humanity, we used measures adapted from prior research (Viki et al., 2006; Zebel, Zimmermann, Viki, & Doosje, 2008), in which participants are asked how much they associated animal-related (wild, animal, beast, untamed) and human-related words (human, citizen, person,”
Dehumanization and guilt as distinct but related predictors of support for reparation policies (2008, methodology): “Finally, the level of dehumanization was assessed using Viki et al.'s (2006) measure.”
We are human, they are not: Driving forces behind outgroup dehumanisation and the humanisation of the ingroup (2012, background): “Many researchers (e.g., Castano & Giner-Sorolla, 2006; Viki et al., 2006) took the measure including positive and negative secondary emotions as evidence that the concept went beyond ingroup humanisation, and included the dehumanisation of the outgroup.”
Attributing and denying humanness to others (2008, background): “Infrahumanisation represents a rather specific and subtle example of this form of dehumanisation, in which one kind of uniquely human attribute (secondary emotions) is denied in one particular context (intergroup rather than interpersonal), and in the absence of an explicit likening of others to ani”