Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. I. Sample, Na I D Spectra, and Profile Fitting

By D. Rupke, Sylvain Veilleux, D. C. U. O. Maryland, College Park, Institute for Astronomy, U. Hawaii. 2005

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We have conducted a spectroscopic survey of 78 starbursting infrared-luminous galaxies at redshifts up to z = 0.5. We use moderate-resolution spectroscopy of the Na I D interstellar absorption feature to directly probe the neutral phase of outflowing gas in these galaxies. Over half of our sample are ultraluminous infrared galaxies that are classified as starbursts; the rest have infrared luminosities in the range log(LIR/L☉) = 10.2-12.0. The sample selection, observations, and data reduction are described here. The absorption-line spectra of each galaxy are presented. We also discuss the theory behind absorption-line fitting in the case of a partially covered, blended absorption doublet observed at moderate-to-high resolution, a topic neglected in the literature. A detailed analysis of these data is presented in a companion paper.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/79e6f95001e8793f20b06c18549ab130be00c012

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The SAMI Galaxy Survey: shocks and outflows in a normal star-forming galaxy (2014, background): “Studies of blue-shifted absorption by neutral gas entrained in outflows have reached sample sizes on the order of tens to a hundred and provided constraints on the mass, momentum, and energy of outflows (Heckman et al. 2000; Rupke et al. 2005b,c; Rubin et al. 2013, and references therein).”
THE MULTIPHASE STRUCTURE AND POWER SOURCES OF GALACTIC WINDS IN MAJOR MERGERS (2013, methodology): “Outflowing ionized gas is also observed away from the minor axis, particularly in the cases of Mrk 273 and F10565+2448.”
Outflows in Active Galactic Nucleus/Starburst-Composite Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (2005, background): “Outflows of neutral gas and dust stretching over kiloparsec scales are found in almost all massive, starbursting galaxies in the local universe (Rupke et al. 2005a, 2005b, hereafter Papers I and II).”
ABSORPTION-LINE PROBES OF THE PREVALENCE AND PROPERTIES OF OUTFLOWS IN PRESENT-DAY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2010, methodology): “In previous studies of LIRGs and ULIRGs (Martin 2005, 2006; Rupke et al. 2005a,b), stellar Na D absorption was estimated from Mg I, and deemed to contribute only a small fraction (< 10”
Ionized gas outflows and global kinematics of low-z luminous star-forming galaxies (2014, methodology): “These results compare relatively well with those obtained by Rupke et al. (2005) for the neutral gas component, who found average maximum velocities of 301 and 408 kms−1 for their sample of LIRGs and ULIRGs, respectively.”
INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY OF MASSIVE, KILOPARSEC-SCALE OUTFLOWS IN THE INFRARED-LUMINOUS QSO Mrk 231 (2011, methodology): “However, evidence has remained elusive for largescale outflows that are clearly AGN-driven in LIRGs or ULIRGs (Rupke et al. 2005a).”
Metallicity gradients in local field star-forming galaxies: insights on inflows, outflows, and the coevolution of gas, stars and metals (2015, background): “Mass loading factors of about 0.1–1 were also found inz < 0.5 luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, and nearby mergers (Rupke et al. 2005b; Rupke & Veilleux 2013).”
FAST MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS IN LUMINOUS GALAXY MERGERS: EVIDENCE FOR QUASAR FEEDBACK FROM HERSCHEL (2013, background): “– 14 – Rupke et al. (2005b) refer to starburst dominated LIRGs, which are not adequately sampled by our set of objects, so we cannot verify if the dependence of the wind detection rate on star formation rate seen in the neutral gas is also present in the molecular gas.”
GALAXY MERGERS AND THE MASS–METALLICITY RELATION: EVIDENCE FOR NUCLEAR METAL DILUTION AND FLATTENED GRADIENTS FROM NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS (2010, background): “…implies that either we have assumed too much gas consumption in this example calculation (i.e., that the “extreme” case is not valid), or that outflows (which are ubiquitous in these systems; Rupke et al. 2005) have expelled metals produced in ongoing star formation, preventing further enrichment.”
METALLICITY GRADIENTS AND GAS FLOWS IN GALAXY PAIRS (2010, unknown): “…gas inflows in interacting galaxies has been seen in ionized gas (Rampazzo et al. 2005), in neutral gas (Hibbard & van Gorkom 1996; Georgakakis et al. 2000; Iono et al. 2005; Emonts et al. 2006; Cullen et al. 2007), and in kinematic studies using absorption lines (Rupke et al. 2005; Martin 2006).”
An origin for multiphase gas in galactic winds and haloes (2015, background): “…detailed absorption line profiles from wind galaxies in general imply a broad distribution of column densities and velocities, with the fastest material having the lowest column density and viceversa (e.g., Rupke et al. 2005a,b; but there are notable exceptions, e.g., Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).”
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications (2020, background): “Once N(Na I) has been derived, the column density of hydrogen, N(H), can be estimated from N(Na I) given a metallicity and ionization fraction (Rupke et al. 2005b): N(H) = N(Na I) X−1Na0 10 −(ANa+BNa), (39) where XNa0 ≡ N(Na I) / N(Na) is the fraction of Na that is neutral Na I, ANa ≡…”
THE PERSISTENCE OF COOL GALACTIC WINDS IN HIGH STELLAR MASS GALAXIES BETWEEN z ∼ 1.4 AND ∼1 (2009, background): “As in previous work (e.g., Martin 1999; Rupke et al. 2005b; Martin 2005), we find that Ṁ is on the same order as the SFR of the sample (∼1–30 M yr−1).”
Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. II. Analysis and Discussion (2005, methodology): “However, we previously included two Seyfert 2s with high outflow velocities, whose winds are not necessarily starburst-driven (Rupke et al. 2005b).”
Energetic galaxy-wide outflows in high-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies hosting AGN activity (2012, background): “Observationsshow that galaxy-wide outflows can be powered by star formation and/or active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity (e.g., Heckman et al.1990; c© 0000 RAS Crenshaw et al. 2003; Rupke et al. 2005a,b); however, most models predict that AGN-driven outflows are required in the mostmassive galaxies.”
Fast neutral outflows in powerful radio galaxies : a major source of feedback in massive galaxies (2005, background): “The values we derive for the neutral hydrogen outflows, correspond to the lower end of the distribution for starburst super-winds in UltraLuminous IR Galaxies (ULIG) that show outflows rates (Heckman 2002, Rupke et al. 2002, 2005a,b) ranging from 10 to 1000 M⊙ yr −1.”
SPITZER QUASAR AND ULIRG EVOLUTION STUDY (QUEST). IV. COMPARISON OF 1 Jy ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES WITH PALOMAR-GREEN QUASARS (2009, background): “Optical spectral types, which are referred to extensively in this paper, are taken from Veilleux et al. 1999a and Rupke et al. 2005a for the 1 Jy sample, and Veilleux et al. 1995 for the 5 RBGS objects.”