THE MULTIPHASE STRUCTURE AND POWER SOURCES OF GALACTIC WINDS IN MAJOR MERGERS

By D. Rupke, Sylvain Veilleux. 2013

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Massive, galaxy-scale outflows are known to be ubiquitous in major mergers of disk galaxies in the local universe. In this paper, we explore the multiphase structure and power sources of galactic winds in six ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) at z < 0.06 using deep integral field spectroscopy with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini North. We probe the neutral, ionized, and dusty gas phases using Na i D, strong emission lines ([O i], Hα, and [N ii]), and continuum colors, respectively. We separate outflow motions from those due to rotation and tidal perturbations, and find that all of the galaxies in our sample host high-velocity flows on kiloparsec scales. The properties of these outflows are consistent with multiphase (ionized, neutral, and dusty) collimated bipolar winds emerging along the minor axis of the nuclear disk to scales of 1–2 kpc. In two cases, these collimated winds take the form of bipolar superbubbles, identified by clear kinematic signatures. Less collimated (but still high-velocity) flows are also present on scales up to 5 kpc in most systems. The three galaxies in our sample with obscured QSOs host higher velocity outflows than those in the three galaxies with no evidence for an active galactic nucleus. The peak outflow velocity in each of the QSOs is in the range 1450–3350 km s−1, and the highest velocities (2000–3000 km s−1) are seen only in ionized gas. The outflow energy and momentum in the QSOs are difficult to produce from a starburst alone, but are consistent with the QSO contributing significantly to the driving of the flow. Finally, when all gas phases are accounted for, the outflows are massive enough to provide negative feedback to star formation.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/45fc3cb58aa02d0fd0a61e6f6adc39823287d024

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Citations in the corpus

• VLT/VIMOS integral field spectroscopy of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies: 2D kinematic properties (2013, unknown): “…2008; Bellocchi et al. 2012), iii) to detect and characterize radial motions associated with feedback me ha- nisms, like outflows (e.g., Shapiro et al. 2009, Rupke & Veilleux 2013), and iv) to infer fundamental galaxy quantities like dynamical masses (e.g., Colina et al. 2005) among other topics.”
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: shocks and outflows in a normal star-forming galaxy (2014, background): “…blueshifted emissions commonly seen in their spectra have 1) emission line ratios consistent with shock excitation (vsh ≈ 200 – 300 km s−1), and 2) can extend many kiloparsecs (& 5 kpc) from the nucleus, indicating that outflows are very common in merging ULIRGs (see also Rupke & Veilleux 2013).”
• Discovery of extreme [O III] λ5007 Å outflows in high-redshift red quasars (2015, methodology): “…from the galactic centre, as measured by spatially resolved long-slit and integral field unit observations (Nesvadba et al. 2006, 2008; Greene et al. 2011; Cano-Dı́az et al. 2012; Alexandroff et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013a,b; Rupke & Veilleux 2013b; Harrison et al. 2014; Zakamska & Greene 2014).”
• Massive molecular outflows and evidence for AGN feedback from CO observations (2013, methodology): “IRAS F08572+3915 The Sy2-ULIRG IRAS F08572+3915 is an interacting system composed by two nuclei (NW and SE) separated by a projected distance of 5.4 arcsec (6.1 kpc); only the north-west (NW) component, which is the most luminous one and hosts a buried QSO, has been detected in CO(1–0) interferometr”
• Kiloparsec-scale outflows are prevalent among luminous AGN: outflows and feedback in the context of the overall AGN population (2014, methodology): “This is consistent with the collimated winds emerging along the minor axis seen in star-forming galaxies (e.g., Heckman et al. 1990; Rupke & Veilleux 2013).”
• The multi-phase winds of Markarian 231: from the hot, nuclear, ultra-fast wind to the galaxy-scale, molecular outflow (2015, background): “…ionized and neutral gas with similar velocities is found on galactic scale (1-30 kpc) in a few tens AGN from the local Universe up to z=2-3 (Cano-Diaz et al. 2012, Rupke & Veilleux 2011, 2013; Harrison et al. 2014; Nesvadba et al. 2008; Harrison et al. 2012; Genzel et al. 2014, Cresci et al. 2015).”
• AGN outflows and feedback twenty years on (2018, unknown): “In an attempt to account for projection effects (also see [51]), some studies use the velocities of the far wings of the emission-line profiles (e.”
• EVIDENCE FOR WIDE-SPREAD ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS-DRIVEN OUTFLOWS IN THE MOST MASSIVE z ∼ 1–2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2014, background): “…McNamara & Nulsen 2007; Fabian 2012), in ionized winds from Seyfert 2 AGNs (e.g., Cecil et al. 1990; Veilleux et al. 2005; Westmoquette et al. 2012; Rupke & Veilleux 2013; Harrison et al. 2014), and in powerful neutral and ionized gas outflows from buried AGNs in late-stage, gas-rich mergers…”
• Quasar feedback and the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet quasars (2014, background): “The velocity widths we see in our sample (median w80 = 752 km/sec and w90 = 1060 km/sec, max w80 = 2918 km/sec and w90 = 4780 km/sec) are much higher than those in starburst galaxies (median w90 ≃ 600 km/sec, Rupke & Veilleux 2013; Hill & Zakamska 2013).”
• FAST MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS IN LUMINOUS GALAXY MERGERS: EVIDENCE FOR QUASAR FEEDBACK FROM HERSCHEL (2013, background): “Similar wide-angle high-velocity outflows have now been mapped at high resolution in a number of other local ULIRGs (Rupke & Veilleux 2013a, hereafter RV13, and 2013b).”
• Observations of feedback from radio-quiet quasars – II. Kinematics of ionized gas nebulae (2013, methodology): “These models are more commonly used when the collimation of the outflow is obvious even in projection on the plane of the sky (e.g. examples in Crenshaw et al. 2000; Rupke & Veilleux 2013), but the combination of a wide opening angle of the cone with beam smearing can result in round morphologies.”
• Ionized gas outflows and global kinematics of low-z luminous star-forming galaxies (2014, background): “…Westmoquette et al. 2012; Rupke & Veilleux 2013a; Rodrı́guez-Zaurı́n et al. 2013), neutral (Rupke, Veilleux & Sanders 2005a,b; Rupke & Veilleux 2011; Rupke & Veilleux 2013a), and molecular (Feruglio et al. 2010; Fisher et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011; Spoon et al. 2013; Veilleux et al. 2013;…”
• Impact of supermassive black hole growth on star formation (2017, result): “However, there are various difficulties involved with deriving the measurements and performing these analyses, with dramatically different results possible when applying different techniques, making different assumptions or when using different gas tracers[51, 56, 57, 58].”
• Growing supermassive black holes in the late stages of galaxy mergers are heavily obscured (2017, background): “Mrk 231 is also known to have a strong kpc-scale outflow (Rupke & Veilleux 2013; Feruglio et al. 2015), which has been interpreted as proof of quasar-mode feedback (Feruglio et al. 2010).”
• AGN wind scaling relations and the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies (2017, background): “Following Rupke & Veilleux (2013) we define the maximum wind velocity as the shift between the velocity peak of broad emission lines and the systemic velocity plus 2 times the σ of the broad Gaussian component (vmax = velocity shiftbroad + 2σbroad).”
• Metallicity gradients in local field star-forming galaxies: insights on inflows, outflows, and the coevolution of gas, stars and metals (2015, background): “This assumption is appropriate because more than 75% of the ou - flowing mass in nearby mergers is entrained gas (Rupke & Veilleux 2013).”