Structural Equations with Latent Variables

By Kenneth A. Bollen. 1989

Subfields: Statistics and Probability, Probabilistic & Bayesian Methods

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Citations in the corpus

Counterfactual Fairness (2017, background): “Such equations are also known as structural equations [2].”
Causal Reasoning for Algorithmic Fairness (2018, background): “…interest; • U is a set of latent (that is, unobservable) background variables that will represent all possible causes of V and which jointly follow some distribution P ( U ); • F is a set of functions { f 1 , . . . , f n } , one for each Such equations are also known as structural equations [4].”
Causal Models for Dynamical Systems (2020, background): “While this description can be made formal in various ways, we focus on one that is based on structural causal models [Wright, 1921, Bollen, 1989, Pearl, 2009].”
Causal inference by using invariant prediction: identification and confidence intervals (2015, background): “Among them are the framework of potential outcomes and counter-factuals [cf. Dawid, 2000, Rubin, 2005]; or structural equation modelling [cf. Bollen, 1989, Robins et al., 2000, Pearl, 2009] and corresponding graphical modeling [cf. Lauritzen and Spiegelhalter, 1988, Greenland et al., 1999, Spirtes…”
From Ordinary Differential Equations to Structural Causal Models: the deterministic case (2013, positive): “In this section we will show how an LEE representation can be mapped to the more popular representation of Structural Causal Models, also known as Structural Equation Models (Bollen, 1989).”
Fairness in Decision-Making - The Causal Explanation Formula (2018, methodology): “The path analysis method gained momentum in the social sciences during 1960’s, becoming extremely popular in the form of the mediation formula in which the total effect of X on Y is decomposed into direct and indirect components (Baron and Kenny 1986; Bollen 1989; Duncan 1975; Fox 1980).”
Causal inference in statistics: An overview (2009, neutral): “…identification has received considerable attention in econometrics (Hurwicz, 1950; Marschak, 1950; Koopmans, 1953) and social science (Duncan, 1975; Bollen, 1989), usually in linear parametric settings, were it reduces to asking whether some model parameter, β, has a unique solution in terms of…”
Causal Discovery with Reinforcement Learning (2019, methodology): “An effective approach to studying causal relationships is to conduct controlled randomized experiments, which however is too expensive or even impossible in certain ﬁelds such as social sciences [2] and bioinformatics [16].”
Anchor regression: Heterogeneous data meet causality (2018, neutral): “Both these results are direct implications of well-known invariance properties of causal models (Aldrich, 1989; Haavelmo, 1944; Pearl, 2009).”
Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty in Indian Commercial Banks (2009, unknown): “When there are direct paths, standardised path coeffi cients reveal the relative importance of the independent variables (Bollen, 1989; Hair et al., 1998).”
The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation (2008, unknown): “Suggested values of IFI and RFI for good fit are >0.90 (Bollen 1989, Salisbury et al. 2002).”
Verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children: are they separable? (2006, unknown): “Fit indices such as the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990), the bollen fit index (IFI; Bollen, 1989), and the normed fit index (NFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980) provide a further measure of fit computed by comparing the hypothesized model against a null model in which the relations between the l”
El bienestar social: su concepto y medición (2005, unknown): “…debido a la extensión y complejidad del modelo teórico propuesto, hubiera sido deseable un tamaño muestral mayor, dado que los indicadores de ajuste disminuyen en m estras relativamente pequeñas y a medida que aumenta el número de parámetros a estimar (Hu y Bentler, 1999; Bollen, 1989).”
3. The Foundations of Causal Inference (2010, unknown): “From Linear to Nonparametric Models and Graphs Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been the main vehicle for effect analysis in economics and the behavioral and social sciences (Goldberger 1972; Duncan 1975; Bollen 1989).”
Exploring students’ reflective thinking practice, deep processing strategies, effort, and achievement goal orientations (2009, unknown): “SEM is considered an appropriate statistical procedure as it enables examination of both direct and mediating effects between motivational variables and academic performance (Bollen, 1989; Byrne, 1998; Kline, 2005).”
How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question (2003, unknown): “Bollen , 1989 ) .”
Parental Psychological Distress, Parent - Child Relationship Qualities, and Child Adjustment: Direct, Mediating, and Reciprocal Pathways (2005, unknown): “Relative χ2 index (χ2/df) values below 3 are generally considered indicative of a close fit between the hypothetical model and the sample data (Bollen,1989).”
Antecedents of commitment and trust in customer-supplier relationship in high technology markets. (2001, unknown): “Due to the sensitivity of the x 2 value to the sample size, the x 2 statistic is not an appropriate measure of the goodness-of-fit of the measurement model [66–68].”
Parental Involvement in Predicting School Motivation: Similar and Differential Effects Across Ethnic Groups (2012, unknown): “When applying with noncontinuous or nonnormal data, traditional estimation methods such as maximum likelihood (ML) may produce inaccurate parameter estimates and standard errors (Bollen, 1989).”