Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function

By J. Parrish-Novak, S. Dillon, A. Nelson, A. Hammond, C. Sprecher, J. Gross, J. Johnston, K. Madden, Wenfeng Xu, Jim West and 28 more. Nature, 2000

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Subfields: Immunology

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T follicular helper (TFH) cells in normal and dysregulated immune responses. (2008, background): “Modulation of TCRinduced transcriptional profiles by ligation of CD28, ICOS, and CTLA-4 receptors.”
NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8+ T cells (2011, background): “Although early IL-21 signalling has been described to be important for the functional maturation and activation of NK cell”
T Follicular Helper Cells Express a Distinctive Transcriptional Profile, Reflecting Their Role as Non-Th1/Th2 Effector Cells That Provide Help for B Cells1 (2004, background): “IL-4), IL-21 inhibits B cell proliferation (51, 55).”
Membrane-Bound IL-21 Promotes Sustained Ex Vivo Proliferation of Human Natural Killer Cells (2012, background): “Although soluble IL-21 alone does not induce significant proliferation of mature murine NK cells and IL-21R knockout mice have normal NK cell numbers [50], IL-21 synergizes with IL-2, IL-15, and Flt-3L in the generation of NK cells from bone marrow [49] and cord blood [49,53,54,55,56].”
IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses (2010, background): “CD4+ T cells and NKT cells produce IL-21 (Parrish-Novak et al., 2000; Coquet et al., 2007).”