What limits the encoding effect of note-taking? A meta-analytic examination

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Combined Effects of Note‐Taking/‐Reviewing on Learning and the Enhancement through Interventions: A meta‐analytic review (2006, background): “Kobayashi's ( 2005 ) meta‐analysis indicated that the first three types of intervention did not affect the encoding effects.”
Toward an Integrated Framework of Multiple Text Use (2019, background): “Note Taking There are several benefits associated with note taking, including benefits attributable to encoding and to external storage (Kiewra, 1989; Kobayashi, 2005, 2006; Rickards & Friedman, 1978).”
The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard (2014, background): “…hypothesis has been supported by studies finding positive effects of note taking in the absence of review (e.g., Aiken, Thomas, & Shennum, 1975; Bretzing & Kulhavy, 1981; Einstein, Morris, & Smith, 1985); however, other results have been more mixed (see Kiewra, 1985; Kobayashi, 2005, for reviews).”