Middle School Students' Mathematical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Think-Aloud Protocols

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Self–Regulation and Mathematics Instruction (2007, background): “These characteristics underlie poor problem solving and strategic/self-regulated learning (Montague & Applegate, 1993a; Montague & Applegate, 1993b; Swanson & Jerman, 2006).”
Cognitive and Motivational Characteristics of Adolescents Gifted in Mathematics: Comparisons Among Students With Different Types of Giftedness (2004, methodology): “Gifted students tend to be more strategic (Montague & Applegate, 1993; Shore & Dover, 1987); are more likely to have conscious control over the solution process (Shore & Carey, 1984); use more strategies for organizing and transforming information (Zimmerman & MartinezPons, 1990); use learning…”
The Effects of Cognitive Strategy Instruction on Knowledge of Math Problem-Solving Processes of Middle School Students With Learning Disabilities (2013, methodology): “…in working memory and processing speed (Fuchs & Fuchs, 2002), identifying the correct operation and performing the computation (Huinker, 1989; Montague & Applegate, 1993a), higher order reasoning (Maccini & Ruhl, 2001), and the comprehension demands inherent in word problems combine to make…”