Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein

By T. Michel, J. Reichhart, J. Hoffmann, J. Royet. Nature, 2001

822 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Immunology, Insect Science, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/421a23e3a780bf11c71391ffc4f20f721a62c8e9

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Immunology

1. Shizuo Akira
2. J. Hoffmann
3. K. Takeda
4. T. Kaisho
5. M. Strand
6. B. Lemaître
7. Y. Moret
8. VJ Marmaras

In Insect Science

1. J. Hoffmann
2. Shizuo Akira
3. M. Strand
4. B. Lemaître
5. K. Takeda
6. VJ Marmaras
7. S. Tsakas
8. J. Rolff

In Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

1. Shizuo Akira
2. M. Siva‐Jothy
3. Y. Moret
4. J. Hoffmann
5. J. Rolff

Citations in the corpus

• Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli (2002, background): “Recently, a loss-of-function mutation in the Drosophila PGRP-SA gene semmelweis that significantly decreased resistance to Gram-positive bacterial infection, but not to fungal or Gram-negative bacterial infection, has been identifie”
• Insect immunity and its signalling: an overview (2010, background): “…molecular patterns, (PAMPs) (Medzhitov and Janeway, 1997) The most characterized PRPs are the type C lectins, the peptidoglycan recognizing proteins, the β-1,3-glucan proteins, the hemolin and the integrins (Bettencourt et al., 1997; Michel et al., 2001; Bettencourt et al., 2004).”
• Innate immunity in plants and animals: striking similarities and obvious differences (2004, background): “In various animal systems, PAMP-mediated activation of innate immune responses has been shown to prevent disease progression (61, 125).”
• The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila (2002, background): “Interestingly, the Imd pathway can in ̄uence the Toll pathway through the control of PGRP-SA, which encodes a recognition protein essential for the activation of the Toll pathway by Gram-positive bacteria (Michel et al., 2001).”
• Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. (2006, neutral): “Invading Gram-positive bacteria are recognized by PG-recognition proteins (PGRP) followed by the activation of the Toll ligand Spaetzle via the protease cascade (Michel et al., 2001).”
• Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. (2002, background): “One potential humoral PRR involved in initiating the proteolytic cascade that results in cleavage of Spatzle and activation of Toll is a peptidoglycan recognition protein that may recognize gram-positive bacteria (Michel et al., 2001).”
• Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. (2004, neutral): “This is demonstrated by the finding that mutant flies lacking GNBP or PGRP-SA are defective in the activation of the Toll-mediated pathway in response to Gram-positive bacterial infection (129,130).”
• The immune response of Drosophila (2003, background): “How are these inducers recognized during infection? A genetic analysis has recently led to the identification of two genes— semmelweis and osiris —that are required for Toll activation by Gram-positive bacterial infectio”
• Toll-like receptors. (2003, background): “An ethyl-methyl-sulfonate–induced mutation of the semmelweis (seml) gene was shown to cause impaired expression of Drosomycin in response to infection by Gram-positive bacteria but not fungi (14).”
• The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections (2007, background): “Lys-type Gram-positive bacteria are also sensed by members of the PGRP family, namely PGRP-SA and PGRP-S”
• The Drosophila immune system detects bacteria through specific peptidoglycan recognition (2003, background): “PGRP-SA, an extracellular recognition factor, activates the Toll pathway in response to Gram-positive bacterial but not fungal infectio”
• The biology of blood-sucking in insects (2005, neutral): “The pattern recognition receptor for gram-positive bacteria is PGRP-SA (Michel et al., 2001) and GNBP1 (Hoffmann, 2003), but the protease-cleaving Spätzle is unknown.”