Community College Online Course Retention and Final Grade: Predictability of Social Presence.

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A review of online course dropout research: implications for practice and future research (2011, methodology): “Other scholars defined ‘‘dropout’’ simply as non-completion of a course, as indicated by a student’s final assessment—an incomplete or an ‘‘F’’ (e.g., Dupin-Bryant 2004; Liu et al. 2009).”
AN EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDICATORS OF THE COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY FRAMEWORK AND RETENTION IN ONLINE PROGRAMS (2019, background): “Liu, S., J. Gomez and C. Yen.”
Factors Associated With Student Persistence in an Online Program of Study: A Review of the Literature (2012, background): “Liu, Gomez, and Yen (2009) report a strong positive relationship between social presence and retention.”