Resources for fish feed in future mariculture
By Y. Olsen. 2011
146 citations recorded by the source corpus.
There is a growing concern about the ability to produce enough nutritious food to feed the global human population in this century. Environmental conflicts and a limited freshwater supply constrain further developments in agriculture; global fisheries have levelled off, and aquaculture may have to play a more prominent role in supplying human food. Freshwater is important, but it is also a major challenge to cultivate the oceans in an environmentally, economically and energy- friendly way. To support this, a long-term vision must be to derive new sources of feed, primarily taken from outside the human food chain, and to move carnivore production to a lower trophic level. The main aim of this paper is to speculate on how feed supplies can be produced for an expanding aquaculture industry by and beyond 2050 and to establish a roadmap of the actions needed to achieve this. Resources from agriculture, fish meal and fish oil are the major components of pellet fish feeds. All cultured animals take advantage of a certain fraction of fish meal in the feed, and marine carnivores depend on a supply of marine lipids containing highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, with ≥3 double bonds and ≥20 carbon chain length) in the feed. The availability of HUFA is likely the main constraint for developing carnivore aquaculture in the next decades. The availability of fish meal and oil will decrease, and the competition for plant products will increase. New harvested resources are herbivore zooplankton, such as Antarctic krill and red feed, and new produced resources are macro- algae, transgenic higher HUFA-producing plants and bacterial biomass. These products are to a lim- ited extent components of the human food chain, and all these resources will help to move cultured carnivores to lower trophic levels and can thereby increase the production capacity and the sustain- ability of the production. Mariculture can only become as successful as agriculture in the coming cen- tury if carnivores can be produced at around Trophic Level 2, based mainly on plant resources. There is little potential for increasing the traditional fish meal food chain in aquaculture.
Subfields: Aquatic Science, Global and Planetary Change
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3b8ce642cd421e63aeb4e44ed38d4ff3d2fa615d
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Citations in the corpus
- Red and green macroalgae for fish and animal feed and human functional food development (2016, background): “The need of HUFAs together with the increasing need of proteins constitute a major and important factor if aquaculture is to feed future generations of humans.((123))”
- Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture through Nutrient Recycling and Circular Economies: More Fish, Less Waste, Blue Growth (2021, background): “…effort and progress have also been made to suggest and test alternatives to fish meal and fish oil (Glencross et al. 2007; Tacon et al. 2009; Turchini et al. 2009; Hardy 2010; Olsen 2011; Klinger and Naylor 2012; Oliva-Teles 2012; Soller et al. 2017; Gasco et al. 2018; S anchez-Muros et al. 2018).”
- Searching for Solutions in Aquaculture: Charting a Sustainable Course (2012, unknown): “Addressing the threat of overexploitation of wild fisheries for reduction thus requires a focus on improving feed effi-ciencies nonsustainable fish inputs (such as trash fish) in aquaculture diets (139, 143, 151, 152).”
- The future of food from the sea (2019, background): “Across a wide range of cost, technology and demand scenarios, we find that sustainably harvested food from the sea: (1) has the potential to increase considerably in the coming decades; (2) will change in composition, with a greater future share coming from mariculture; and (3), in aggregate, could ”
- Modelling the cultivation and bioremediation potential of the kelp Saccharina latissima in close proximity to an exposed salmon farm in Norway (2013, methodology): “…the model system was used in a number of simulation experiments investigating the large-scale cultivation and bioremediation potential of S. latissima, as well as the seasonal nitrogen uptake rates and effects of IMTA on this commercially attractive kelp species (Holdt & Kraan 2011, Olsen 2011).”
- Bioconversion of fatty acids at the basis of marine food webs: insights from a compound-specific stable isotope analysis (2012, background): “Moreover, a better knowledge of the mechanisms and triggers of bioconversion is essential to understand the production of LC-PUFA, the availability of which is likely to be the main constraint for developing sustainable carnivore aquaculture in the coming decades (Olsen 2011).”