The role of insulin receptor signaling in the brain.

By L. Plum, M. Schubert, Jens C. Brüning. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism, 2005

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Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor receptor hybrids in physiology and disease. (2009, background): “Cerebral IRs and insulin are present in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and pituitary intermediate lobe (55, 56).”
Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system. (2012, background): “8 kDa) is a peptide which has effects well known in regulating energy metabolism, but it also has a signaling role in the CNS due to expression of the insulin receptor in the brain [72].”
Defects in IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor and IRS-1/2 in Alzheimer's disease indicate possible resistance to IGF-1 and insulin signalling. (2010, background): “…and insulin signalling Aileen M. Moloney a, Rebecca J. Griffin a,1, Suzanne Timmons a, Rosemary O’Connor a, Rivka Ravid b, Cora O’Neill a,∗ a Department of Biochemistry, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland b The Netherlands Brain Bank, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ,…”
Inflammation, Defective Insulin Signaling, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction as Common Molecular Denominators Connecting Type 2 Diabetes to Alzheimer Disease (2014, background): “Insulin has been shown to be neuroprotective (37,51,53,54) and to modulate synapse plasticity mechanisms (55).”