Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system.

By Jeffrey J. Lochhead, R. Thorne. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012

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Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (2019, background): “On the other hand, these viruses may also use other peripheral nerves like the trigeminal nerve, which possesses nociceptive neuronal cells present in the nasal cavity [64,65], or alternatively, the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve, which stems from the brainstem and innervates different organs of ”
Evaluation of intranasal delivery route of drug administration for brain targeting. (2018, neutral): “The cavities are lined with a layer of mucosa, and the total area of both nasal cavities is ∼150–160 cm2 (Lochhead and Thorne, 2012; Mygind and Änggård, 1984; Mygind and Dahl, 1998).”
Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain (2018, background): “3 h to diffuse from the nasal epithelium to the olfactory bulb [52].”