Evolving headquarters-subsidiary dynamics in international R&D: the case of Japanese multinationals

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Dual embeddedness, influence and performance of innovating subsidiaries in the multinational corporation (2014, background): “contexts (Asakawa, 2001; Helble & Chong, 2004), especially when considering a single function (namely, innovation development).”
What are the consequences of initiative-taking in multinational subsidiaries? (2010, background): “The phenomenon of subsidiary initiatives has received increasing attention over the last years, which has been reflected in revised conceptualizations of the MNE (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989; Doz, Santos, & Williamson, 2001; Nohria & Ghoshal, 1994; Schmid, 2003) as well as in research on subsidiary str”
Conventional and Reverse Knowledge Flows in Multinational Corporations† (2008, unknown): “Anecdotal evidence suggests that conventional 898 Journal of Management / October 2008 Yang et al. / Knowledge Flows in Multinational Corporations 899 knowledge flows occur through cooperation between headquarters and subsidiary top management so that adoption occurs by fiat (Asakawa, 2001).”
Chinese foreign direct investment in R&D in Europe: A new model of R&D internationalization? (2012, result): “Subsequent studies further confirm the evolutionary tendency of the goals of overseas R&D units (Ambos, 2005; Asakawa, 2001; Cantwell et al., 2004; Florida, 1997; Lehrer and Asakawa, 2002).”