Social Presence and Online Learning: A Review of Research

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Conceptualizing and Investigating Instructor Presence in Online Learning Environments. (2015, background): “Social presence in online learning is commonly defined as the degree to which participants feel connected to one another in an online community (Boston, Diaz, Gibson, Ice, Richardson & Swan, 2009; Garrison & Arbaugh, 2007; Oztok & Brett, 2011).”