Are Sustainable Coffee Certifications Enough to Secure Farmer Livelihoods? The Millenium Development Goals and Nicaragua's Fair Trade Cooperatives

By Chris Bacon, V. Ernesto Méndez, María Eugenia Flores Gómez, Douglas A. Stuart, Sandro Raúl Díaz Flores. 2008

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Indebted to Fair Trade? Coffee and crisis in Nicaragua (2010, background): “Declining investment led to rampant unemployment, farm foreclosures and food shortages in localities where rural workers and peasant farmers depended on coffee wages or sales as a main source of household income (Bacon et al., 2008a; Rocha, 2001; Varangis et al., 2003).”
Food standards, certification, and poverty among coffee farmers in Uganda (2015, methodology): “Concerning the methods used, many impact studies do not control for possible selection bias (Utting-Chamorro, 2005; Bacon et al., 2008; Valkila, 2009; Valkila & Nygren, 2010; Beuchelt & Zeller, 2011), so it is unclear whether observed differences between certified and non-certified farmers are…”
Is voluntary certification of tropical agricultural commodities achieving sustainability goals for small-scale producers? A review of the evidence (2017, background): “…at stacks.iop.org/ERL/12/033001/mmedia) includes papers that met the first two criteria but were considered to have higher risk of bias (Bacon 2005, Bacon et al 2008, Bacon et al 2014, Elder et al 2012, Elder et al 2013, Fort and Ruben 2009b, Gockowski et al 2013, Jacobi et al 2015, Jaffee 2009,…”
Fair Trade organic coffee production in Nicaragua — Sustainable development or a poverty trap? (2009, background): “Organic coffee farms thus provide environmental services that resemble those provided by forests ( Bacon et al., 2008a : 3 38 –339).”