AI in CAI : An artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction

By J. R. Carbonell. 1970

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Explanation in Human-AI Systems: A Literature Meta-Review, Synopsis of Key Ideas and Publications, and Bibliography for Explainable AI (2019, background): “In fact, what might be seen as the very first intelligent tutoring system, Carbonell’s Scholar (Carbonell, 1970), was a Socratic tutor that carried on a meaningful dialogue with the learner about the causes of rainfall.”
Predictive translation memory: a mixed-initiative system for human language translation (2014, background): “Language translation has all the makings of a mixed-initiative task [11].”
Empowering educators to be AI-ready (2022, background): “Despite its relatively small community of researchers, AI in Education has been around for about half a century since Carbonell ’ s seminal work on an adaptive geography instruction system called SCHOLAR (Carbonell, 1970).”
Animated Pedagogical Agents: Face-to-Face Interaction in Interactive Learning Environments (2000, background): “As in previous work, students can learn and practice skills in a virtual world, and the computer can interact with students through mixed-initiative, tutorial dialogue (Carbonell 1970) in the role of a coach (Goldstein 1976; Burton & Brown 1982) or learning companion (Chan 1996).”
The Social and Technological Dimensions of Scaffolding and Related Theoretical Concepts for Learning, Education, and Human Activity (2004, background): “6Carbonell (1970) is most identified with the concept of mixed initiative systems for learning sup-”
Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (2016, methodology): “A different type of computer tutoring system appeared in research laboratories and Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems 43 classrooms during the 1970s and 1980s (e.g., Carbonell, 1970; Fletcher, 1985; Sleeman & Brown, 1982).”
Stupid Tutoring Systems, Intelligent Humans (2016, background): “These systems would explicitly incorporate knowledge about the domain and about pedagogy (see discussion in Wenger 1987), as part of engaging students in complex and effective mixed-initiative learning dialogues (Carbonell 1970).”
AutoTutor and Family: A Review of 17 Years of Natural Language Tutoring (2014, background): “The SCHOLAR tutor, noted previously, had very limited language understanding and could get very little out of wrong or off-topic answers (Carbonell 1970).”
Challenges and Future Directions of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Education (2020, background): “The ﬁrst Intelligent Tutoring System “SCHOLAR” was designed to support geography learning, and was capable of generating interactive responses to student statements (Carbonell, 1970).”
Artificial intelligence in intelligent tutoring systems toward sustainable education: a systematic review (2023, background): “The overall concept can be traced back to 1970 (Carbonell, 1970).”
Stimulating and sustaining interest in a language course: An experimental comparison of Chatbot and Human task partners (2017, background): “Arising out of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), early attempts at intelligent tutors (e.g., Carbonell,1970) initially aimed to anticipate rather than interact with learners.”
Managing computational complexity using surrogate models: a critical review (2020, background): “Adaptive learning is a particular machine learning technique that is semi-supervised, and its algorithm can refer to the information source interactively to achieve the favored outcomes for a newly generated data set (Carbonell 1970).”
Artificial intelligence for education: Knowledge and its assessment in AI-enabled learning ecologies (2020, methodology): “Among the implementations of AI-enabled embedded assessment are: intelligent tutoring systems (Carbonell, 1970; Mark & Greer, 1995; VanLehn, 2011); log file and clickstream analyses that predict learner success (Crossley, Paquette, Dascalu, McNamara, & Baker, 2016); games and simulations that…”
A vision for the development of i-campus (2015, background): “…which provide dynamic feedbacks to learning situations according to expert knowledge of learning domains and the current learning state of learners (Carbonell 1970; Sleeman and current learning systems has been reported in different contexts and settings, ranging from provision of courses and…”