Outsourcing of innovation

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Internal capabilities, network resources and appropriation mechanisms as determinants of R&D outsourcing (2015, background): “In the past 15 years an upsurge in outsourcing R&D has taken place (Jones, 2000; Narula, 2004; Varadarajan, 2009; Lai et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2009) and the strategic decision to outsource R&D has received ample recent attention (Holcomb and Hitt, 2007; Howells et al., 2008; Grimpe and Kaiser,…”
Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world (2014, background): “…industries, but also energy, food production and all kinds of services, from call centers and accounting to medical procedures and research and development (R&D) activities of the world’s leading transnational corporations (Engardio et al., 2003; Engardio and Einhorn, 2005; Wadhwa et al., 2008).”
Why the World Suddenly Cares About Global Supply Chains (2012, background): “…industries, but also energy, food production and all kinds of services, from call centers and accounting, to medical procedures and core research and development (R&D) activities of the world's leading multinational corporations (Engardio et al. 2003; Engardio and Einhorn 2005; Wadhwa et al. 2008).”
Offshoring of R&D: Looking abroad to improve innovation performance (2011, background): “The inherent risks in outsourcing, such as information leakage and loss of exclusivity of inputs (Lai et al., 2009), grow when they are transferred abroad.”