Confirming Gender Stereotypes: A Social Role Perspective

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“Guys Can't Say That to Guys”: Four Experiments Assessing the Normative Motivation Account for Deficiencies in the Emotional Support Provided by Men (2005, background): “For example, one study (Vogel, Wester, Heesacker, & Madon, 2003 ) found that discussing emotionally difficult topics activated gender-consistent behavior by men; men were less emotionally expressive, exhibited more restrictive affect, and displayed more withdrawal behavior than women when discussin”
Determinants of Gender Essentialism in College Students (2008, background): “Second, males report greater support for traditional gender roles and stereotype gender more strongly (Levant et al. 2007; Strough et al. 2007; Twenge, 1997a; Vogel et al. 2003), which suggests less flexibility and may be the result of the positioning of masculinity as natural.”
Attitude to Animals and Empathy: Comparing Animal Protection and General Community Samples (2007, background): “Again this may lend some weight to the argument that there is a link between attitude towards the treatment of animals and human-directed empathy, if one considers PT to be a more socially sanctioned expression of male empathy than EC (Vogel et al. 2003).”
Perceptions of Discrimination and Justice (2005, background): “The enactment of gender roles and the confirmation of gender stereotypes appear to be a dynamic process that is dependent on specific contextual factors (Vogel et al., 2003).”