Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system.

By C. Veldman, M. Cantorna, H. DeLuca. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2000

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Vitamin D and Immune Function (2013, background): “Different studies have shown that calcitriol and its analogs can alter function and morphology of DC to induce a more tolerogenic, immature state [23,63–66].”
Contribution of Selected Vitamins and Trace Elements to Immune Function (2007, background): “The discovery of significant quantities of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in monocytes, macrophages, and thymus tissue suggests a specific role of vitamin D and its metabolites in the immune system. The highest concentration of VDRs is found in immature immune cells of the thymus and in mature CD8+ T ly”
Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology 1 (2001, background): “By purifying lymphocytes to homogeneity, we were able to demonstrate that the CD-8 lymphocytes have the highest concentrations of the VDR, whether or not they were activated.”
Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. (2008, background): “VDR expression in B lymphocytes is more controversial, with positive and negative reports (382, 383).”
Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. (2005, background): “Consistent with these effects, the VDR is widely expressed in most immune cell types such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs; monocyte/macrophage, DCs), natural killer cells (82, 83), T cells (84), and B cells (85).”