Brain-gut interactions in inflammatory bowel disease.

By Bruno Bonaz, C. Bernstein. Gastroenterology, 2013

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Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. (2019, background): “Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, which increases intestinal permeability and allows bacteria and bacterial antigens to cross the epithelial barrier, activate the mucosal immune response, and alter the composition of the microbiome (151).”
The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome (2016, background): “These observations in animal models are supported by data in human subjects that associate the gut microbiome in IBD to stress disorders (Bonaz and Bernstein, 2013; Fond et al., 2014).”
The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders (2013, neutral): “activities is perceived in patients before and after IBD diagnosis (Bonaz and Bernstein, 2013).”
Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis (2017, background): “As such there is increasing interest in how dysregulated brain-gut communication impacts on peripheral and central symptoms in IBD (Bernstein et al., 2010; Bonaz and Bernstein, 2013).”
The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2018, background): “The brain and the gut communicate in a bidirectional way, through the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the circumventricular organs (Bonaz and Bernstein, 2013).”