Body mass index and waist circumference independently contribute to the prediction of nonabdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral fat.

By Ian Janssen, Steven B. Heymsfield, David B. Allison, D. Kotler, R. Ross. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002

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A Synopsis of the Evidence for the Science and Clinical Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2023, background): “132,133 Notably, non-White adults develop prediabetes or diabetes in normal weight categories more commonly than White adults, 47 illustrating the importance of such an approach for identifying metabolic risk equitably.”
Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. (2005, result): “Our findings that increased WC predicted increased risk within BMI categories are consistent with those of Janssen et al’s (36), which are based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.”
Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis. (2007, background): “8) (12, 13, 33, 63); waist circumference does not differentiate between subcutaneous fat and visceral fat; it has not been shown that a consistent association exists between waist circumference with visceral fat after adjustment for age and body mass index; and body fat distribution is different acr”