Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain

By D. Gusnard, Marcus E. Raichle. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2001

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In Cognitive Neuroscience

Citations in the corpus

Influence of heart rate on the BOLD signal: the cardiac response function (2008, background): “, 2001), and collectively down-regulate during a wide range of cognitively demanding tasks (Binder et al., 1999; Gusnard et al., 2001; Mazoyer et al., 2001; McKiernan et al., 2003; Shulman et al., 1997).”
Attachment-style differences in the ability to suppress negative thoughts: Exploring the neural correlates (2005, background): “suggested that cueing provided an opportunity for top–down control to decrease the resources devoted to monitoring internal states (Gusnard and Raichle, 2001; Gusnard et al., 2001; Raichle et al., 2001), while at the same time increasing attentional resources devoted to processing external stimuli.”
Trafficking and proteolytic processing of APP. (2012, background): “Moreover, regions of the brain that develop the highest levels of Ab plaques, including the frontal and parietal lobes and posterior cingulate cortex, exhibit the highest baseline metabolic activity in the so-called “default network” (Gusnard et al. 2001; Raichle et al. 2001; Buckner et al. 2005).”
How default is the default mode of brain function? Further evidence from intrinsic BOLD signal fluctuations. (2006, background): “…default mode of brain function hypothesis is based n PET and fMRI observations of task-independent signal ecreases of brain activity during attention-demanding cognitive asks (Binder et al., 1999; Gusnard & Raichle, 2001; Raichle t al., 2001; Mazoyer et al., 2001; Shulman et al., 1997).”
Graph theoretical analysis of magnetoencephalographic functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. (2009, neutral): “More recently there has been a growing interest in resting state functional connectivity because it appears that in particular memory-related brain networks are consistently activated during this state (Gusnard and Raichle, 2001; Laufs et al., 2003; Damoiseaux et al., 2006).”
Investigating the Phenomenological Matrix of Mindfulness-related Practices from a Neurocognitive Perspective (2015, background): “This ‘default network’ was initially identified during passive, uncontrolled tasks (Gusnard et al., 2001) and is consistently observed at rest using intrinsic functional connectivity MRI measures.”
Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory. (2007, background): “One explanation of this phenomenon is that selfreferential processing, such as occurs during AM retrieval, is part of a default state of the brain (Gusnard and Raichle, 2001; Raichle et al., 2001).”
The molecular and systems biology of memory. (2014, neutral): “, 2003), and fMRI (Gusnard et al., 2001), that there is extensive internally generated ‘‘spontaneous’’ activity in the brain in addition to activity evoked by the experimental cues.”
Role of local network oscillations in resting-state functional connectivity (2011, background): “1 Hz) of the BOLD fMRI signal (Biswal et al., 1995; Gusnard and Raichle, 2001; Greicius et al., 2003; Fox et al., 2005; Raichle and Mintun, 2006; Vincent et al., 2007; Fox and Raichle, 2007).”
Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study (2002, background): “Responses in the MPFC are almost always observed as decreases in activation relative to baseline ( Gusnard & Raichle, 2001 ).”
The brain's default mode network. (2015, neutral): “Thus, in certain circumstances, subtracting task state data from control state data revealed negative responses or task-speciﬁc (Gusnard & Raichle 2001).”
Small-world and scale-free organization of voxel-based resting-state functional connectivity in the human brain (2008, neutral): “In this context, it is believed that the resting-state BOLD fluctuations of cortical and sub-cortical regions, at least in part, originate from intrinsic neuronal activity (Biswal et al., 1995; Greicius et al., in press; Gusnard et al., 2001; Shmuel and Leopold, 2008) and that the observed temporal ”
Cytology and functionally correlated circuits of human posterior cingulate areas (2006, background): “Another restricting factor in the functional interpretation of the bCCOI analyses is that the PET data were acquired during the so-called “resting state” (Gusnard and Raichle, 2001; Mazoyer et al., 2001; Greicius et al., 2003).”
EEG-vigilance and BOLD effect during simultaneous EEG/fMRI measurement (2009, neutral): “…areas, including the posterior medial cortex, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior lateral cortices reveal an increased oxygen consumption and cerebral blood flow during relaxed wakefulness compared to the performance of cognitive tasks (for review see: Gusnard and Raichle, 2001).”
Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity (2009, background): “P of neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex are continuously active during purposeful behavior, as well as during resting and sleep (1).”