Transnational Governance as the Layering of Rules: Intersections of Public and Private Standards

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Codes in context: How states, markets, and civil society shape adherence to global labor standards: Codes in context (2015, background): “Private transnational regulation is characterized by crosscutting layers of regulatory institutions and actors (Bartley 2011).”
Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains (2013, background): “Recent scholarly work has suggested that a mixture of public and private regulation is necessary to enforce labour and environmental standards within global supply chains (Bartley 2011; Haufler 2001; Kolben 2007; Locke et al. 2007b; Pessoa 2006; Trubek and Trubek 2007; Utting 2005; Weil 2005).”
Gorillas in the closet? Public and private actors in the enforcement of transnational private regulation (2013, background): “This implementation process, it is claimed, is obscured by a focus on “the global” in debates on transnational governance (Bartley 2011).”