Mothers, Maids and Tutors: An Empirical Evaluation of their Effect on Children's Academic Grades in Singapore

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Effectiveness of Private Tutoring in Mathematics with Regard to Subjective and Objective Indicators of Academic Achievement: Evidence from a German Secondary School sample/Effektivit?t Von Nachhilfeunterricht in Mathematik Im Hinblick Auf Subjektive Und Objektive Indikatoren der Schulleistung: Befun (2014, methodology): “Only analyses from Singapore (Cheo & Quah, 2005) with the same approach showed partly negative statistical eff ects of private tutoring.”
The Determinants and Impact of Private Tutoring Classes in Vietnam. (2007, unknown): “However, contrary evidence is found for Singapore where private tutoring is found to have a negative effect on secondary students’ grades (Cheo & Quah, 2005).1 Nevertheless, only two of the above-mentioned studies (Kim & Lee, 2004; Tansel & Bircan, 2006) use nationally representative data.”
The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring (2008, background): “11 No studies appear to have examined whether the estimated negative correlations between private tutoring and achievement in Korea and Singapore change when endogeneity is properly addressed.”
Does private tutoring increase students’ academic performance? Evidence from Turkey (2014, unknown): “Other studies indicated either no impact or even a negative impact of private tutoring on academic performance (Suryadarma et al. 2006; Cheo and Quah 2005).”