Signaling and initial public offerings: The use and impact of the lockup period

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The role of information asymmetry in the choice of entrepreneurial exit routes (2014, background): “To be effective, a signal must be “alterable” (Spence, 1973, p.357), “difficult or costly for others to imitate and […] visible” (Arthurs et al., 2009, p.362).”
Signaling by early stage startups: US government research grants and venture capital funding (2018, background): “scientific staff who are able to consistently develop cutting-edge technologies (Arthurs et al., 2009).”
Individual–Level Resources and New Business Activity: The Contingent Role of Institutional Context (2013, background): “The information asymmetry between entrepreneurs and providers of equity capital also means that only very few have access to such capital (Arthurs et al., 2009).”
Governance, ownership structure, and performance of IPO firms: The impact of different types of private equity investors and institutional environments (2009, background): “17 Focusing on the rationale of Arthurs et al. (2008), we argue that the extent of the multiple agency associated with the VCs at the time of IPO could be different in the UK compared to France.”