Differences in Language Skills: Heritage Language Learner Subgroups and Foreign Language Learners.

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Self-Determination, Motivation, and the Learning of Chinese as a Heritage Language (2009, background): “In her study of Japanese HL learning, Kondo-Brown (2005) subdivided participants into four groups based on the degree of ‘ancestral relatedness’ between the learner and his or her Japanese-speaking relatives, as well as the learner’s country of birth.”
The Heart of Heritage: Sociocultural Dimensions of Heritage Language Learning (2010, methodology): “…status (HL learner versus foreign language learner) as an independent variable and adopting both proficiency tests and selfassessment measures, Kondo-Brown (2005) investigated (a) whether Japanese as a heritage language learners would demonstrate language behaviors distinctively different…”
How similar are adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers? Spanish clitics and word order (2009, background): “In general, and even within a language, heritage speakers are a quite heterogeneous group because they vary in their linguistic characteristics and language history (Kanno, Hasegawa, Ikeda, Ito, & Long, 2008; Kondo-Brown, 2005).”
The Acquisition of Heritage Languages: The bilingual development of heritage speakers (2015, methodology): “Scores on the Japanese profi ciency test by group (adapted from Kondo-Brown 2005 ).”