Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification

By M. Tan, Hao Luo, Sangkyu Lee, Fulai Jin, Jeong-Soo Yang, Emilie Montellier, T. Buchou, Zhongyi Cheng, S. Rousseaux, N. Rajagopal and 8 more. Cell, 2011

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Summary Using an integrated approach, we here report the identification of 67 novel histone marks, a discovery that increases the current number of known histone marks by about 70%. We verified one of the newly-identified marks, lysine crotonylation (Kcr), as a novel, evolutionarily-conserved histone post-translational modification. The unique structure and genomic localization of Kcr suggest that it is mechanistically and functionally different from lysine acetylation (Kac), a previously-described post-translational modification. Specifically, in both human somatic and mouse male germ cell genomes, histone Kcr marks either active promoters or potential enhancers. In male germinal cells immediately following meiosis, Kcr is enriched on sex chromosomes and specifically marks testis-specific genes, including a significant proportion of X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. These results therefore dramatically extend the repertoire of histone PTM sites and designate Kcr as a specific mark of active sex chromosome-linked genes in post-meiotic male germ cells.

Subfields: Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d86474d835d89f98791dd87dc5c52b3332c97a58

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New and emerging HDAC inhibitors for cancer treatment. (2014, positive): “A broader role for HDACs as acyl-lysine “erasers” is also emerging with the discovery of additional acyl-lysine histone modifications such as crotonylation, succinylation, and malonylation (1, 2).”
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Modeling gene expression using chromatin features in various cellular contexts (2012, positive): “While the model can well predict gene expression using the current available set of chromatin features, we could retrain the model by incorporating newly discovered marks (such as histone lysine crotonylation [41]) and therefore study the importance of new effectors in regulating gene expression lev”
MSFragger: ultrafast and comprehensive peptide identification in shotgun proteomics (2017, background): “Given the fast growth of public repositories of MS data 46 , MSFragger could be used to search for rare (including novel) biological modifications across many biological samples and experimental conditions, adding to the list of previous such discoveries 47 .”
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Metabolic Regulation of Gene Expression by Histone Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (2016, positive): “Metabolic Labeling of Histone Kbhb Marks by Isotopic b-Hydroxybutyrate Short-chain acyl-CoAs are cofactors for a variety of lysine acylation reactions (Allis et al., 1985; Tan et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2015).”
Lysine Glutarylation Is a Protein Post-Translational Modification Regulated by SIRT5 (2014, background): “Our previous studies identified new lysine acylation modifications on histones (Chen et al., 2007; Tan et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2012), including lysine crotonylation and succinylation, revealing potential crosstalk between cellular physiology and gene transcription.”