Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)

By Min Kwon, Joon-Yeop Lee, W. Won, Jae-woo Park, J. Min, Changtae Hahn, Xinyu Gu, Jihye Choi, D. Kim. PLoS ONE, 2013

1,490 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Objective The aim of this study was to develop a self-diagnostic scale that could distinguish smartphone addicts based on the Korean self-diagnostic program for Internet addiction (K-scale) and the smartphone's own features. In addition, the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) was demonstrated. Methods A total of 197 participants were selected from Nov. 2011 to Jan. 2012 to accomplish a set of questionnaires, including SAS, K-scale, modified Kimberly Young Internet addiction test (Y-scale), visual analogue scale (VAS), and substance dependence and abuse diagnosis of DSM-IV. There were 64 males and 133 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 53 years (M = 26.06; SD = 5.96). Factor analysis, internal-consistency test, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of SAS. Results Based on the factor analysis results, the subscale “disturbance of reality testing” was removed, and six factors were left. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of SAS were verified (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967). SAS and its subscales were significantly correlated with K-scale and Y-scale. The VAS of each factor also showed a significant correlation with each subscale. In addition, differences were found in the job (p<0.05), education (p<0.05), and self-reported smartphone addiction scores (p<0.001) in SAS. Conclusions This study developed the first scale of the smartphone addiction aspect of the diagnostic manual. This scale was proven to be relatively reliable and valid.

Subfields: Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d296c438bfb58581e9f8238707f8286496a551ea

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Citations in the corpus

Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables (2016, methodology): “We developed a smartphone addiction questionnaire based on a survey of relevant literature and similar questionnaires (e.g., AboJedi, 2008; Alasdair& Philips, 2011; Campbell, 2005; Kwon et al., 2013; Torrecillas, 2007; Walsh & White, 2007; Young, 1998; Young & de Abreu, 2011).”
Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. (2017, methodology): “Also, the Smartphone Addiction Scale developed by Kwon et al. (2013b), or its short version developed by Kwon, Kim, Cho and Yang (2013a), were used in two studies (Demirci et al., 2015; Lee, 2015).”
The SAMS: Smartphone Addiction Management System and Verification (2013, background): “Although smartphones have given enormous convenience to our lives, pathological use of smartphones has created a new mental health concern among the community [2–4].”
Smartphones and Cognition: A Review of Research Exploring the Links between Mobile Technology Habits and Cognitive Functioning (2017, background): “Likewise, this review will not venture into the growing body of research exploring problematic usage of mobile phones and the addiction-like symptoms of overuse (Bianchi and Phillips, 2005; Billieux et al., 2008; Kwon et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2014).”
Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? (2018, background): “In the Smartphone Addiction Scale (Kwon et al., 2013), the item “Having my smartphone in my mind even when I am not using it” relates to the concept of salience.”
What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games (2016, background): “…has emerged as a significant problem among users (Bian & Leung, 2015; Chiu, 2014; Demirci, Orhan, Demirdas, Akpınar, & Sert, 2014; van Deursen, Bolle, Hegner, & Kommers, 2015; Kim, Lee, Lee, Nam, & Chung, 2014; Kwon et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2014; Oulasvirta, Rattenbury, Ma, & Raita, 2012).”
Relationship of Smartphone Use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students (2015, methodology): “Consistent with previous research (e.g., Demirci et al., 2014; Kwon, Kim et al., 2013), the SAS mean score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students in this study.”
Fear of Missing Out and Procrastination as Mediators Between Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Smartphone Addiction (2019, methodology): “Therefore, the assessment of related psychological factors and mechanisms of adolescent smartphone addiction has received increasing attention (Kwon et al. 2013a; Davey and Davey 2014; Kim et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2018; Jung and Kim 2015; Wang et al. 2017, Wang et al. 2018a, b).”
Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescent’s life: A literature review (2016, neutral): “2013] [13, 26] "mobile phone addiction" [Park 2005; Ahmed, et al 2011; Szpakow, et al.”
Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness (2016, neutral): “The 33-item SAS was developed by Kwon et al. (2013).”
Cell-Phone Addiction: A Review (2016, background): “Abuse 2 factors 0.80 Addiction Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMP) (54, 61, 66) 38 items, Likert scale Adolescents DSM-IV-TR criteria for Substance Abuse disorders Addiction, dependence 3 factors Scales 0.85 < α < 0.91 Cell-Phone Addiction Scale for Korean Adolescents (CPAS) (73) 20 items, Likert ”
How "phubbing" becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone (2016, background): “In particular, it is now more important to focus on Internet-based activities rather than on normal cell phone uses when taking into account the behaviors that people engage in when using mobile phone technology (Kwon et al., 2013).”
Proneness to Boredom Mediates Relationships Between Problematic Smartphone Use With Depression and Anxiety Severity (2018, neutral): “…between psychopathology (as the predictor) and PSU (as the outcome; Elhai, Levine, et al., 2017; Elhai, Tiamiyu, & Weeks, 2018; Khang, Kim, & Kim, 2013; J. Kim, Seo, & David, 2015; Lee et al., 2014; Soror, Hammer, Steelman, Davis, & Limayem, 2015; van Deursen, Bolle, Hegner, & Kommers,…”
Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland (2015, methodology): “The study revealed four main ﬁ ndings: (1) the German version of the SAS-SV might provide an appropriate instrument for assessing smartphone addiction in young people; (2) a longer duration of smartphone use, shorter time period until ﬁ rst smartphone use in the morning, and indicating that social n”