PPAR-γ dependent and independent effects on macrophage-gene expression in lipid metabolism and inflammation

By A. Chawla, Y. Barak, L. Nagy, D. Liao, P. Tontonoz, R. Evans. Nature Medicine, 2001

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The mechanisms of action of PPARs. (2002, result): “In general accordance with this conclusion, the Evans group recently utilized murine PPARγ null macrophages to demonstrate that previously reported inhibitory actions of PPARγ agonists on macrophage cytokine production occur via a receptor-independent mechanism (94).”
Oxidative metabolism and PGC-1beta attenuate macrophage-mediated inflammation. (2006, methodology): “Embryonic stem cell-derived macrophages (ESDM) were cultured as described previously (Chawla et al., 2001), except with the following modifications.”
Role of Microglia in Neurotrauma (2010, neutral): “PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor family(182); activation of the PPAR isoform has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, including attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine, iNOS, and COX2 expression.(183) PPAR agonists, such as rosiglitazone”
Emerging roles of PPARS in inflammation and immunity (2002, methodology): “This comes from the recent experiments by Chawla et al.(62), in which homologous recombination was used to create embryonic stem cells that have a null mutation of the gene encoding PPARγ.”