Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women.

By G. Hu, Q. Qiao, J. Tuomilehto, B. Balkau, K. Borch-Johnsen, K. Pyôrâlà. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004

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The metabolic syndrome. (2003, methodology): “A study based on 11 prospective European cohorts of men and women aged 30–89 years without diabetes using a World Health Organization (WHO) definition of metabolic syndrome found a 14–15% prevalence of the condition [26].”
Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. (2005, background): “Those with the metabolic syndrome have a significantly higher risk of CAD and all-cause mortality, even in the absence of baseline cardiovascular disease and diabetes (166, 171, 210).”
Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies (2011, background): “Several epidemiological studies have confirmed the increased risk of CVD in individuals with MetS, independently of the diagnostic criteria used [32-39].”
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Metformin versus Vitamin E or Prescriptive Diet in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2005, background): “Finally, metformin was better than control treatments in the overall parameters of the metabolic syndrome, whose presence identifies persons at high risk of cardiovascular mortality (32, 33).”