`They Don't Like Our Kind': Consequences of Being Ostracized While Possessing a Group Membership

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The psychological sting of stigma: The costs of attributing ostracism to racism (2010, background): “In fact, need fulfillment can show significant return to baseline in as little as 1 min (Wirth & Williams, 2009).”
Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups (2017, background): “Individuals’ cognitive tactics often involve the attributions they make for why the ostracism occurred (Williams, 2009; Wirth & Williams, 2009).”
Ostracism in everyday life. (2012, background): “Wirth and Williams (2009) found that reflective processes began occurring within 2 min of the ostracizing event.”
AN EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF OSTRACISM (2012, background): “Further, most experimental research on ostracism has not manipulated the sex (i.e., potential mate status) of the source of ostracism to see its effects on the target (c.f., Wirth & Williams, 2009).”
Invisible at Work (2013, background): “…may be helpful or harmful, depending on one’s group identification (Schmitt & Branscombe, 2002), and laboratory manipulations of group membership have found that it doesn’t necessarily buffer against the initial pain of ostracism (goodwin, Williams, & Carter-Sowell, 2010; Wirth & Williams, 2009).”