TNF-α in promotion and progression of cancer

By F. Balkwill. Cancer Metastasis Review, 2006

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Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. (2008, background): “Thus, IL-6 and TNF-a may be major secreted products of MDSCs and as such serve as direct downstream targets of IL-1b and NF-kB that amplify the inflammatory immune response and promote carcinogenesis (Balkwill, 2006; Naugler et al., 2007).”
Obesity and Cancer: The Role of Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue (2009, background): “TNF-α has been reported to have tumor-promoting activity in various experimental cancers (122), and a variety of tumor cells produce TNF-α (108).”
Tumour necrosis factor and cancer (2009, background): “Moreover, when chronically produced in the tumour microenvironment, TNF was a major mediator of cancer-related inflammatio”
Chronic Inflammation and Cytokines in the Tumor Microenvironment (2014, background): “Both cancers are examples of a localized, long-term inflammatory process increasing the risk of cancer.”